Individual Study / PWH-COVID19

Vaccines in a Time of Dual Pandemic: COVID-19 Vaccine in People with HIV

Vaccines in a Time of Dual Pandemic: COVID-19 Vaccine in People with HIV

Networks -
Datasets -
Variables -
Start Year
2021

Members

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Investigators Contacts
  • Dr. Mario Ostrowski
    St. Michael's Hospital
  • Dr. Colin Kovacs
    University of Toronto
  • Erika Benko
    University of Toronto
  • Dr. Colin Kovacs
    University of Toronto

Design

Study design
Cohort
Follow Up
Participants are followed over 48 weeks. Participants are followed 90 days after the screening visit at baseline. They are also followed 24 hours before dose 1 (visit 1), 10 days (Visit 2), 21 days (Visit 3), 28 days (Visit 4), 24 weeks (Visit 8), and 48 weeks (Visit 9) post-dose 1. The following visits are 1 to 3 days before dose 2 (Visit 4a), 7 days (Visit 6), 14 days (Visit 6), and 28 days(Visit 7) post-dose 2. The final visits are 1 to 3 days before dose 3 (Visit 8a), 4 weeks (Visit 8b), and 16 weeks (Visit 8c) post-dose 3.
Supplementary Information

Recruitment

Recruitment Target
  • Individuals

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
90
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
90
Supplementary Information
PWH Immune responder: 42 participants PWH Immune non-responders: 20 participants PWH Low-level viremics: 5 participants HIV-negative control: 23 participants

Access

Availability of data and biosamples

Possible Access to Data
Possible Access to Biosamples
Other

Timeline

Populations

Selection Criteria
Minimum age
55
Newborns
Twins
Countries
  • Canada
Territory
Ethnic Origin
Health Status
  • Inclusion criteria: * Documented HIV diagnosis for 1+ year. Exlusion criteria: * Participant with a malignancy or undergoing chemotherapy. * Active infection with hepatitis virus (HAV, HBV, HCV) or tuberculosis. * Any concurrent condition requiring the continued use of immunoglobulin, antineoplastic agents, glucocorticoids (other than corticosteroid nasal spray for allergic rhinitis; topical or ophthalmic corticosteroids for acute, uncomplicated dermatitis or conjunctivitis; over the counter medications for acute, uncomplicated dermatitis for treatment period not longer than 14 days) or other immunomodulator medications (other than NSAIDS which will be allowed for any length of time). * Any illness or conditions including acute illnesses that, in the opinion of the investigator, may affect the safety of the participant or the evaluation of any study endpoints. * Any other conditions judged by the investigator that would limit the evaluation of a participant. Positivity for sexually transmitted infections at the screening visit.
Other Criteria
Inclusion criteria: * Antiretroviral therapy for 1+ year Exclusion criteria: * Participants with a history of anaphylaxis reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine components. * Participants with any of the following abnormal laboratory results at the screening visit: Hemoglobin < 85 g/L; Lymphocyte count < .750 X109/L; Platelet count < 50 X109/L or > 550 X109/L; AST or ALT > 5X the upper limit of normal; Creatinine > 250 µmol/L; * Prior surgery or radiation therapy within 30 days of study screening or receipt of any other experimental compound within 30 days of signing informed consent. * Receipt of any blood product within 3 months prior to screening. * Receipt of any vaccine within 1 month prior to screening. * Active drug or alcohol use/dependence that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements. * Use of any unproven registered and unregistered treatments for COVID-19; Administration of immunoglobulins and/ or any blood products within the three months preceding the planned administration of the vaccine candidate. * Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient state (except HIV infection for Group-3), asplenia, recurrent severe infections and chronic use (more than 14 days) immunosuppressant medication within the past 6 months (topical steroids are allowed).

Recruitment

Sources of recruitment
  • General population
General Population
  • Volunteer enrolment

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
42
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
42
Data Collection Events
# Name Description Start End
0 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Screening Information on the demographic, such as race/ethnicity and sex/gender, is collected. Concomitant medication history and cART regimen are documented. Routine blood work, in addition to viral ... 2021-01 2021-01
1 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Baseline Concomitant medication history and cART regimen are documented. Saliva and routine blood work in addition to viral load, CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio are also collected. 2021-03 2021-03
2 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 2 Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva sample (or respiratory sample if the participant was hospitalized) ... 2021-03 2021-04
3 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 3 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-03 2021-04
4 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 4 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-04 2021-05
5 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Additional visit 4a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-06
6 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 5 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-05
7 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 6 Information on new or continuing concomitant medications, including combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen is assessed. Further information on COVID-19 infection is assessed. Blood ... 2021-05 2021-05
9 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 7 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-06 2021-07
10 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 8 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
11 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Additional visit 8a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
12 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Additional visit 8b Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-11 2021-12
13 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Additional visit 8c Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02
14 PWH-COVID19 - Immune responders - Visit 9 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02
Selection Criteria
Minimum age
55
Newborns
Twins
Countries
  • Canada
Territory
Ethnic Origin
Health Status
  • Inclusion criteria: * Documented HIV diagnosis for 1+ year. Exlusion criteria: * Participant with a malignancy or undergoing chemotherapy. * Active infection with hepatitis virus (HAV, HBV, HCV) or tuberculosis. * Any concurrent condition requiring the continued use of immunoglobulin, antineoplastic agents, glucocorticoids (other than corticosteroid nasal spray for allergic rhinitis; topical or ophthalmic corticosteroids for acute, uncomplicated dermatitis or conjunctivitis; over the counter medications for acute, uncomplicated dermatitis for treatment period not longer than 14 days) or other immunomodulator medications (other than NSAIDS which will be allowed for any length of time). * Any illness or conditions including acute illnesses that, in the opinion of the investigator, may affect the safety of the participant or the evaluation of any study endpoints. * Any other conditions judged by the investigator that would limit the evaluation of a participant. * Positivity for sexually transmitted infections at the screening visit.
Other Criteria
Inclusion criteria: * Antiretroviral therapy for 1+ year. Exclusion criteria: * Participants with a history of anaphylaxis reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine components. * Participants with any of the following abnormal laboratory results at the screening visit: Hemoglobin < 85 g/L; Lymphocyte count < .750 X109/L; Platelet count < 50 X109/L or > 550 X109/L; AST or ALT > 5X the upper limit of normal; Creatinine > 250 µmol/L Prior surgery or radiation therapy within 30 days of study screening or receipt of any other experimental compound within 30 days of signing informed consent. * Receipt of any blood product within 3 months prior to screening. * Receipt of any vaccine within 1 month prior to screening. * Active drug or alcohol use/dependence that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements. * Use of any unproven registered and unregistered treatments for COVID-19 * Administration of immunoglobulins and/or any blood products within the three months preceding the planned administration of the vaccine candidate. * Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient state (except HIV infection for Group-3), asplenia, recurrent severe infections and chronic use (more than 14 days) immunosuppressant medication within the past 6 months (topical steroids are allowed).

Recruitment

Sources of recruitment
  • General population
General Population
  • Volunteer enrolment
Supplementary Information
With the progression of the enrolment, the study will recruit more people in the PWH Immune non-responders arms with appropriate procedures and feasibility

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
20
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
20
Data Collection Events
# Name Description Start End
0 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Screening Information on the demographic such as race/ethnicity and sex/gender is collected. Concomitant medication history and cART regimen are documented. Routine blood work in addition to viral load, ... 2021-01 2021-01
1 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Baseline Information on the demographic such as race/ethnicity and sex/gender is collected. Concomitant medication history and cART regimen are documented. Routine blood work in addition to viral load, ... 2021-03 2021-03
2 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 2 Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva sample (or respiratory sample if the participant was hospitalized) ... 2021-03 2021-04
3 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 3 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-03 2021-04
4 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 4 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-04 2021-05
5 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Additional visit 4a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-06
6 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 5 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-05
7 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 6 Information on new or continuing concomitant medications, including combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen is assessed. Further information on COVID-19 infection is assessed. Blood ... 2021-05 2021-05
9 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 7 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-06 2021-07
10 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 8 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
11 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Additional visit 8a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
12 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Additional visit 8b Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-11 2021-12
13 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Additional visit 8c Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02
14 PWH-COVID19 - Immune non-responders - Visit 9 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02
Selection Criteria
Minimum age
55
Newborns
Twins
Countries
  • Canada
Territory
Ethnic Origin
Health Status
  • Inclusion criteria: * Documented HIV diagnosis for 1+ year. Exlusion criteria: * Participant with a malignancy or undergoing chemotherapy. * Active infection with hepatitis virus (HAV, HBV, HCV) or tuberculosis. * Any concurrent condition requiring the continued use of immunoglobulin, antineoplastic agents, glucocorticoids (other than corticosteroid nasal spray for allergic rhinitis; topical or ophthalmic corticosteroids for acute, uncomplicated dermatitis or conjunctivitis; over the counter medications for acute, uncomplicated dermatitis for treatment period not longer than 14 days) or other immunomodulator medications (other than NSAIDS which will be allowed for any length of time). * Any illness or conditions including acute illnesses that, in the opinion of the investigator, may affect the safety of the participant or the evaluation of any study endpoints. * Any other conditions judged by the investigator that would limit the evaluation of a participant. * Positivity for sexually transmitted infections at the screening visit.
Other Criteria
Inclusion criteria: * Antiretroviral therapy for 1+ year. Exclusion criteria: * Participants with a history of anaphylaxis reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine components. * Participants with any of the following abnormal laboratory results at the screening visit: Hemoglobin < 85 g/L; Lymphocyte count < .750 X109/L; Platelet count < 50 X109/L or > 550 X109/L; AST or ALT > 5X the upper limit of normal; Creatinine > 250 µmol/L * Prior surgery or radiation therapy within 30 days of study screening or receipt of any other experimental compound within 30 days of signing informed consent. * Receipt of any blood product within 3 months prior to screening. * Receipt of any vaccine within 1 month prior to screening. * Active drug or alcohol use/dependence that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements. * Use of any unproven registered and unregistered treatments for COVID-19; Administration of immunoglobulins and/ or any blood products within the three months preceding the planned administration of the vaccine candidate. * Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient state (except HIV infection for Group-3), asplenia, recurrent severe infections and chronic use (more than 14 days) immunosuppressant medication within the past 6 months (topical steroids are allowed).

Recruitment

Sources of recruitment
  • General population
General Population
  • Volunteer enrolment
Supplementary Information
With the progression of the enrolment, the study will recruit more people in the PWH Low-level viremics group with appropriate procedures and feasibility

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
5
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
5
Data Collection Events
# Name Description Start End
0 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Screening Information on the demographic such as race/ethnicity and sex/gender is collected. Concomitant medication history and cART regimen are documented. Routine blood work in addition to viral load, ... 2021-01 2021-01
1 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Baseline Concomitant medication history and cART regimen are documented. Saliva and routine blood work in addition to viral load, CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio are also collected. 2021-03 2021-03
2 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 2 Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva sample (or respiratory sample if the participant was hospitalized) ... 2021-03 2021-04
3 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 3 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-03 2021-04
4 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 4 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-04 2021-05
5 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Additional visit 4a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-06
6 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 5 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-05
7 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 6 Information on new or continuing concomitant medications, including combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen is assessed. Further information on COVID-19 infection is assessed. Blood ... 2021-05 2021-05
9 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 7 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-06 2021-07
10 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 8 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
11 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Additional visit 8a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
12 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Additional visit 8b Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-11 2021-12
13 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Additional visit 8c Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02
14 PWH-COVID19 - Low-level viremics - Visit 9 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02
Selection Criteria
Minimum age
55
Newborns
Twins
Countries
  • Canada
Territory
Ethnic Origin
Health Status
  • Inclusion criteria: * Negative HIV test at the screening visit. * Stable clinical status and absence of acute illnesses as shown by medical history and screening laboratory tests at the screening visit: Hemoglobin ≥ 85 g/L White blood cell (WBC) count = 3300 to 12,000 cells/mm3; Total lymphocyte count ≥ 800 cells/mm3; Platelets = 50,000 to 550,000/mm3; Chemistry panel: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase < 5 times the institutional upper limit of normal (ULN); creatinine (Cr) ≤ institutional upper limit of normal; creatine phosphokinase (CPK) ≤ 2 times the institutional upper limit of normal not related to physical exertion.
Other Criteria
Exclusion criteria: * Participant with other significant underlying disease (non-HIV-1) that might impinge upon disease progression or death. * Further, pariticipants with immune-compromising conditions or on medication which suppresses the immune response will not be included in the study.

Recruitment

Sources of recruitment
  • General population
General Population
  • Volunteer enrolment

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
23
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
23
Data Collection Events
# Name Description Start End
0 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Screening Information on the demographic such as race/ethnicity and sex/gender is collected. Concomitant medication history and cART regimen are documented. Routine blood work and an HIV test are performed. 2021-01 2021-01
1 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Baseline Saliva and blood samples are collected. 2021-03 2021-03
2 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 2 Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva sample (or respiratory sample if the participant was hospitalized) ... 2021-03 2021-04
3 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 3 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-03 2021-04
4 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 4 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-04 2021-05
5 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Additional visit 4a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-06
6 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 5 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-05 2021-05
7 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 6 Information on new or continuing concomitant medications, including combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen is assessed. Further information on COVID-19 infection is assessed. A blood ... 2021-05 2021-05
9 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 7 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-06 2021-07
10 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 8 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
11 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Additional visit 8a Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-09 2021-11
12 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Additional visit 8b Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-11 2021-12
13 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Additional visit 8c Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02
14 PWH-COVID19 - Control - Visit 9 Information about vaccination (vaccination card) is collected. Documentation of COVID-19 infection is assessed by specific symptoms and at least one nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab, or saliva ... 2021-12 2022-02

Classifications

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics
Lifestyle and behaviours
Birth, pregnancy and reproductive health history
Perception of health, quality of life, development and functional limitations
Diseases
Symptoms and signs
Medication and supplements
Non-pharmacological interventions
Health and community care services utilization
Death
Physical measures and assessments
Laboratory measures
Cognition, personality and psychological measures and assessments
Life events, life plans, beliefs and values
Preschool, school and work life
Social environment and relationships
Physical environment
Administrative information

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics

Diseases

Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)

Medication and supplements

Medication and supplement intake

Laboratory measures

Virology
Immunology

Administrative information