Individual Study / NHS

Nurses' Health Study

Nurses' Health Study

Networks -
Datasets -
Variables -
Start Year
1976
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Members

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Investigators Contacts
  • Dr. Jorge Chavarro
    Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
  • Dr. Walter C. Willett
    Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
  • Dr. Meir Stampfer
    Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
  • Dr. Heather Eliassen
    Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
  • Dr. Heather Eliassen
    Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Design

Study design
Cohort
Follow Up
Participants of NHS I and NHS II cohort were followed-up every 2 years. Participants are now (NHS III) followed-up regularly through smartphones, apps, and wearable devices to collect detailed real-time data.
Supplementary Information

Marker Paper

Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE. The Nurses' Health Study: 20-year contribution to the understanding of health among women. Journal of women’s health, 1997; 6(1): 49-62.

PUBMED 9065374

Recruitment

Recruitment Target
  • Individuals

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
338,129
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
124,869

Access

Availability of data and biosamples

Possible Access to Data
Possible Access to Biosamples
Other

Availability of access information

By contacting the study representative

Timeline

Populations

Selection Criteria
Sex
Women
Minimum age
30
Maximum age
55
Newborns
Twins
Countries
  • United States of America
Territory

California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Texas.

Ethnic Origin
Health Status
Other Criteria
Both premenopausal and postmenopausal women (mainly Caucasian) who had no history of cancer were included in the study population.

Recruitment

Sources of recruitment
  • Specific population
Specific Population
  • Members of an association
Supplementary Information
Eligible participants were recruited through the American Nurses' Association data. Nurses who responded to the first mailed questionnaires were comprised in the cohort.
Participants from Existing Studies

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
121,700
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
Supplementary Information about selection criteria

1982-84 toenail samples: 62,641 participants

1989-90 blood samples: 32,826 participants

2000-02 blood and urine samples: 18,743 participants

2002-04 cheek cells samples: 33,744 participants

Data Collection Events
# Name Description Start End
0 NHS I follow-up 1 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1976-06 1978-05
1 NHS I follow-up 2 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1978-06 1980-05
2 NHS I follow-up 3 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1980-06 1982-05
3 NHS I follow-up 4 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1982-06 1984-05
4 NHS I follow-up 5 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1984-06 1986-05
5 NHS I follow-up 6 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1986-06 1988-05
6 NHS I follow-up 7 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1988-06 1990-05
7 NHS I follow-up 8 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1990-06 1992-05
8 NHS I follow-up 9 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1992-06 1994-05
9 NHS I follow-up 10 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1994-06 1996-05
10 NHS I follow-up 11 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1996-06 1998-05
11 NHS I follow-up 12 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 1998-06 2000-05
12 NHS I follow-up 13 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2000-06 2002-05
13 NHS I follow-up 14 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2002-06 2004-05
14 NHS I follow-up 15 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2004-06 2006-05
15 NHS I follow-up 16 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2006-06 2008-05
16 NHS I follow-up 17 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2008-06 2010-05
17 NHS I follow-up 18 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2010-06 2012-05
18 NHS I follow-up 19 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2012-06 2014-05
19 NHS I follow-up 20 Information on standard reproductive risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular diseases, history of benign diseases, family history of cancer, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormones, ... 2014-06 2016-05
20 NHS I follow-up 21 Information is collected about sociodemographic characteristics (age, employment status, marital status), lifestyle behaviors (smoking, sleep), functional limitations, quality of life ... 2016-06 2018-05
21 NHS I follow-up 22 Information is collected about sociodemographic characteristics (age, marital status), lifestyle behaviors (smoking, sleep, food frequency questionnaire), functional limitations, use of assistive ... 2019-06 2021-05
22 NHS I follow-up 23 Information is collected about age, lifestyle behaviors (smoking, sleep, food frequency questionnaire, physical activity, sexual behaviours, cannabis use), quality of life (Short-Form 36 Health ... 2021-06 2023-05
23 NHS I follow-up 24 Information is collected about sociodemographic characteristics (age, amrital status, education), lifestyle behaviors (smoking, sleep, food frequency questionnaire, physical activity, sexual ... 2023-06 2025-05
Selection Criteria
Sex
Women
Minimum age
25
Maximum age
42
Newborns
Twins
Countries
  • United States of America
Territory

California, Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Texas.

Ethnic Origin
Health Status
Other Criteria
Primarily premenopausal women (mainly Caucasian) who had no history of cancer were included in the study population.

Recruitment

Sources of recruitment
  • Specific population
Specific Population
  • Members of an association
Supplementary Information
Eligible participants were recruited through the American Nurses' Association data. Nurses who responded to the first mailed questionnaires were comprised in the cohort.
Participants from Existing Studies

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
116,429
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
Supplementary Information about selection criteria

1996-99 blood and urine samples: 29,611 participants (18,521 women gave a blood sample in the early follicular phase and a blood and urine sample in the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle)

2006-08 cheek cells samples: 29,859 participants

2010-12 blood and urine samples: 17,275 participants

Data Collection Events
# Name Description Start End
0 NHS II follow-up 1 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, and menopausal status are assessed through questionnaires. Weight and height mesures are ... 1989-06 1991-05
1 NHS II follow-up 2 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, menopausal status and food-frequency are assessed through questionnaires. Weight mesures are ... 1991-06 1993-05
2 NHS II follow-up 3 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, quality of life and menopausal status are assessed through questionnaires. Information on ... 1993-06 1995-05
3 NHS II follow-up 4 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, menopausal status and food-frequency and assessed through questionnaires. Weight mesures are ... 1995-06 1997-05
4 NHS II follow-up 5 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, quality of life and menopausal status are assessed through questionnaires. Information on ... 1997-06 1999-05
5 NHS II follow-up 6 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, menopausal status and food-frequency and assessed through questionnaires. Weight measures ... 1999-06 2001-05
6 NHS II follow-up 7 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, quality of life and menopausal status are assessed through questionnaires. Information on ... 2001-06 2003-05
7 NHS II follow-up 8 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, menopausal status and food-frequency and assessed through questionnaires. Weight measures ... 2003-06 2005-05
8 NHS II follow-up 9 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, quality of life and menopausal status are assessed through questionnaires. Information on ... 2005-06 2007-05
9 NHS II follow-up 10 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, menopausal status and food-frequency and assessed through questionnaires. Weight measures ... 2007-06 2009-05
10 NHS II follow-up 11 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, quality of life and menopausal status are assessed through questionnaires. Information on ... 2009-06 2011-05
11 NHS II follow-up 12 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, menopausal status and food-frequency and assessed through questionnaires. Weight measures ... 2011-06 2013-05
12 NHS II follow-up 13 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, quality of life and menopausal status are assessed through questionnaires. Information on ... 2013-06 2015-05
13 NHS II follow-up 14 Information on diseases and health-related topics, including smoking, hormone use, pregnancy history, menopausal status and food-frequency and assessed through questionnaires. Weight measures ... 2015-06 2017-05
14 NHS II folllow-up 15 Information is collected about age, lifestyle behaviors (sleep, smoking, physical activity, sexual behaviours and orientation), menopausal status, functional limitations, diseases and ... 2017-06 2019-05
15 NHS II follow-up 16 Information is collected about age, lifestyle behaviors (sleep, smoking, food frequency questionnaire, physical activity), functional limitations, diseases and health-related topics (surgical ... 2019-06 2021-05
16 NHS II follow-up 17 Information is collected about age, lifestyle behaviors (sleep, smoking, alcohol, food frequency questionnaire, physical activity, sexual behaviors), quality of life (Short-Form 36 Health Survey, ... 2021-06 2023-05
17 NHS II follow-up 18 Information is collected about sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, marital status), lifestyle behaviors (sleep, smoking, cannabis, food frequency questionnaire, sexual behaviors), ... 2023-06 2025-05
Selection Criteria
Minimum age
18
Newborns
Twins
Countries
  • Canada
  • United States of America
Territory
Ethnic Origin
Health Status
Other Criteria
Exclusion criteria : * Individuals who are working in nursing-related fields who are not RNs or LPNs/LVNs, such as Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA), Patient Care Assistants (PCA), State Tested Nurse Aides (STNA), or Nursing Assistants-Registered (NA/R). * Health professionals who are not nurses, such as physicians, physician assistants, dietitians, respiratory/occupational/physical therapists, speech pathologists, pharmacists, etc.

Recruitment

Sources of recruitment
  • Specific population
Specific Population
  • Members of an association
Supplementary Information

Women were recruited through social media, mailings, word of mouth, and personal invitation by participants in the NHS and NHSII.

Participants from Existing Studies

Number of Participants

Number of Participants
100,000
Number of Participants with Biological Samples
Supplementary Information about selection criteria
NHS plans to recruit at least 100,000 participants. As of May 2024, over 40,000 participants enrolled.
Data Collection Events
# Name Description Start End
0 NHS III follow-up 1 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2010-06 2010-11
1 NHS III follow-up 2 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2010-12 2011-05
2 NHS III follow-up 3

The follow-up questionnaires are completed online every 6 months. The study is entirely web-based.

The questionnaires collect information on demographic data, residential information, ...

2011-06 2011-11
3 NHS III follow-up 4 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2011-12 2012-05
4 NHS III follow-up 5 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2012-06 2012-11
5 NHS III follow-up 6 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2012-12 2013-05
6 NHS III follow-up 7

The follow-up questionnaires are completed online every 6 months. The study is entirely web-based.

The questionnaires collect information on demographic data, residential information, ...

2013-06 2013-11
7 NHS III follow-up 8 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2013-12 2014-05
8 NHS III follow-up 9 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2014-06 2014-11
9 NHS III follow-up 10 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2014-12 2015-05
10 NHS III follow-up 11 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2015-06 2015-11
11 NHS III follow-up 12 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2015-12 2016-05
12 NHS III follow-up 13 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2016-06 2016-11
13 NHS III follow-up 14 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2016-12 2017-05
14 NHS III follow-up 15 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2017-06 2017-11
15 NHS III follow-up 16

The follow-up questionnaires are completed online every 6 months. The study is entirely web-based.

The questionnaires collect information on demographic data, residential information, ...

2017-12 2018-05
16 NHS III follow-up 17 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2018-06 2018-11
17 NHS III follow-up 18 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2018-12 2019-05
18 NHS III follow-up 19 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2019-06 2019-11
19 NHS III follow-up 20 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2019-12 2020-05
20 NHS III follow-up 21 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2020-06 2020-11
21 NHS III follow-up 22 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2020-12 2021-05
22 NHS III follow-up 23 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2021-06 2021-11
23 NHS III follow-up 24 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2021-12 2022-05
24 NHS III follow-up 25 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2022-06 2022-11
25 NHS III follow-up 26 Information on demographic data, residential information, medical history, lifestyle, occupational exposures, reproductive history, current diet and physical activity, and lifetime physical ... 2022-12 2023-05

Classifications

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics
Lifestyle and behaviours
Birth, pregnancy and reproductive health history
Perception of health, quality of life, development and functional limitations
Diseases
Symptoms and signs
Medication and supplements
Non-pharmacological interventions
Health and community care services utilization
Death
Physical measures and assessments
Laboratory measures
Cognition, personality and psychological measures and assessments
Life events, life plans, beliefs and values
Preschool, school and work life
Social environment and relationships
Physical environment
Administrative information
Cognitive functioning
Personality
Psychological distress and emotions
Other psychological measures and assessments
Perception of health
Quality of life
Life course development
Functional limitations
Other perception of health, quality of life and functional limitation-related information
Tobacco
Alcohol
Drugs
Nutrition
Breastfeeding
Physical activity
Sleep
Sexual behaviours and orientation
Technological devices
Misbehaviour and criminality
Other and unspecified lifestyle information
Social network
Social participation
Social support
Parenting and familial environment
Other social environment characteristics

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics

Age/birthdate
Sex/gender
Marital/partner status
Family and household structure
Education
Residence
Birthplace
Ethnicity, race and religion
Labour force and retirement
Income, possessions, and benefits
Other socio-demographic and economic characteristics

Lifestyle and behaviours

Tobacco
Alcohol
Drugs
Nutrition
Breastfeeding
Physical activity
Transportation
Personal hygiene
Sleep
Sexual behaviours and orientation
Leisure activities
Technological devices
Other and unspecified lifestyle information

Birth, pregnancy and reproductive health history

Puberty, menstruation, menopause and andropause
Contraception
Pregnancy, delivery and birth
Fertility and sexual health

Perception of health, quality of life, development and functional limitations

Perception of health
Quality of life
Functional limitations
Use of assistive devices

Diseases

Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
Neoplasms (C00-D48)
Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D50-D89)
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)
Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)
Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G99)
Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59)
Diseases of the ear and mastoid process (H60-H95)
Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99)
Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99)
Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K93)
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L00-L99)
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99)
Diseases of the genitourinary system (N00-N99)
Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O00-O9A)
Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99)
Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00-T98)
External causes of morbidity and mortality (V01-Y98)
Diseases without precise specification or falling into multiple categories

Symptoms and signs

Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00-R09)
Symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen (R10-R19)
Symptoms and signs involving nervous and musculoskeletal systems (R25-R29)
Symptoms and signs involving the urinary system (R30-R39)
Symptoms and signs involving cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour (R40-R46)
General symptoms and signs (R50-R69)
Symptoms related to multiple categories

Medication and supplements

Medication and supplement intake
Posology and protocol of administration
Other and unspecified pharmacological interventions

Non-pharmacological interventions

Surgical interventions
Radiological interventions
Physical therapy interventions
Cognitive, psychological and sensory interventions
Laboratory diagnosis interventions
Other and unspecified non-pharmacological interventions

Health and community care services utilization

Visits to health professionals
Hospitalizations
Community and social care

Death

Vital status
Cause of death
Other end of life or death-related information

Physical measures and assessments

Physical characteristics
Anthropometry
Circulation and respiration
Muscles, skeleton and mobility
Brain and nerves

Laboratory measures

Hematology
Biochemistry

Cognition, personality and psychological measures and assessments

Cognitive functioning
Personality
Psychological distress and emotions

Life events, life plans, beliefs and values

Life events

Social environment and relationships

Social network
Social participation
Social support
Other social environment characteristics

Physical environment

Built environment/neighbourhood characteristics
Radiation exposure
Chemical exposure

Administrative information

Identifiers
Date and time-related information
Questionnaire and interview-related information
Physical and cognitive measure and biosample-related information
Other administrative information

Cognitive functioning

Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire

Personality

Epistemic Curiosity Questionnaire
Life Orientation Test

Psychological distress and emotions

Brief Patient Health Questionnaire
Crown-Crisp Index of Phobic Anxiety
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Geriatric Depression Scale
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale
Primary Care PTDS Screen for DSM-5
Perceived Stress Scale
Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Quality of life

Gratitude Questionnaire
Short-Form 36 Health Survey
The Scales of Psychological Well-being

Functional limitations

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Nutrition

Food Frequency Questionnaire (different forms)
Yale Food Addiction Scale

Sleep

Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

Other social environment characteristics

Everyday Discrimination Scale